Of the two resources -land and water, management of the former is largely in the domain of agricultural engineers. Management of water, on the other hand, is mostly the purview of the water resources engineer who has to decide the following:. Since the water flowing into a river is from a watershed, it is essential that the movement of water over ground has to be delayed.
This would ensure that the rain water falling within the catchment recharges the groundwater, which in turn replenishes the water inflow to the reservoir even during the lean season.
Small check dams constructed across small streams within the catchment can help to delay the surface water movement in the watershed and recharge the groundwater. Measures for the watershed development also includes a forestation within the catchment area which is helpful in preventing the valuable topsoil from getting eroded and thus is helpful also in preventing siltation of reservoirs. Other soil conservation methods like regrassing and grassland cultivation process, galley plugging, nulla bunding, contour bunding etc.
Surface water reservoirs are common in irrigation systems and these are designed and operated to cater to crop water requirement throughout the year.
It is essential, therefore, to check loss of water in reservoir due to Evaporation from the water surface Seepage from the base Reduction of storage capacity due to sedimentation.
The classification of the irrigation systems can also be based on the way the water is applied to the agricultural land as:. It is essential to know the water requirement of a crop which is the total quantity of water required from its sowing time up to harvest. Naturally different crops may have different water requirements at different places of the same country, depending upon the climate, type of soil, method of cultivation, effective rain etc. The total water required for crop growth is not uniformly distributed over its entire life span which is also called crop period.
Actually, the watering stops same time before harvest and the time duration from the first irrigation during sowing up to the last before harvest is called base period. Though crop period is slightly more than the base period, they do not differ from practical purposes. Sometimes, in the initial stages before the crop is sown, the land is very dry.
In such cases, the soil is moistened with water as to helps in sowing the crops. This is known as paleo irrigation. A term for watering is used to describe the watering given to a crop when the plants are still young.
India has a very large potential for irrigation, because area and water resources both are abundantly available. Abundance of area for irrigation arid availability of lot of water resources are probably the reasons that most of the early irrigation practices and theories were developed in India.
There is lot of variations in rainfall in different regions of India. Some of the areas have very little rainfall insufficient to grow any crop. Other areas have sufficient rainfall but its distribution is not as required by the crops.
Scanty rainfall and erratic distribution both necessitate artificial irrigation. The purpose of this book is to present the subject in most concise form. Simplicity of language is the main feature of the book. India examinations. The book should be equally useful to practicing Engineers as reference book.
Examples of almost all the important irrigation works have been solved and then illustrated in neat drawing charts. Rajsons Publications Pvt. Every effort was made to eliminate printing errors. I would appreciate if printing errors are brought to my notice and Suggestions to bring about improvements in the book are most welcome. I am thankful to all my friends who have rendered great help by their valuable suggestions. In last I am thankful to Shri R.
Jain, Prop. Standard Book House, without whose efforts this venture would not have reached the readers. Author : Glenn O. Levels and leveling. Land surveys and mapping. Rainfall and runoff. Soil erosion by water. Vegetated waterways. Contouring, strip cripping, m and terracing. Soil erosion by wind and its control. Conservation water - control structures.
Water supply and its development. Farm reservoirs. Surface drainage. Tile drainage. Sprinkler irrigation. Land Clearing. Conservation planning. Author : Sharma S. Publisher: S. Special care has been taken to highlight the principles, practices and design procedures that have been widely recommended as well as suggest improvements in the application of existing methods and adoption of latest techniques used in other parts of the world.
Being the most populous state of the country, it bears a burden of feeding about million people of which major section relies on agriculture for their subsistence.
This study makes comparison in the growth trends in the irrigated area, crop land use patterns and crop productivity at the district level in different periods of time. The book emphasizes on irrigation water management to optimize crop yields in order to increase Water Productivity of crops in low productivity regions of the state applying suitable technology. This book appeals to researchers and students in geography and planning working on the topics of agriculture as well as irrigation and water management aspects.
Civil Engineering is the oldest of the engineering specialties and has contributed very much to develop our society throughout the long history of human life. The advancement of civil engineering has, therefore, been closely related to that of civilization. In this theme, human activities on the earth from ancient times to the present are briefly reviewed first, and then the history of the process to establish the civil engineering discipline is discussed for better understanding of the important role that civil engineering has played in the growth of a mature society, from both technological and social points of view.
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